Tips and tricks

Step monitor

It is sometimes irritating when a calculation takes very long and nothing appears to happen. In such cases a step monitor may be useful to indicate the state of the calculations. It is a simple gimmick.

Take, as an example, a modification of the Listing 37.1: Finding the minimum of the Rosenbrock function with the BFGSmax routine given in Gretl's user guide. The printf command prints the values of x and y and ends with a carriage return. The command flush induces printing at each step. To simulate a time consuming routine, a delay of .003 has been inserted by giving the command sleep(.003).

Open the the gretl script editor (File → Script files → New script) and paste the following code:

set verbose off
# This defines the function to be maximized
function scalar Rosenbrock( const matrix param "parameters" )
scalar x = param[1]
scalar y = param[2]
printf "x =%7.4f, y =%7.4f \r",x,y            # the information printed at each step
flush                                         # this induces immediate printing
sleep(.003)                                   # this simulates a time-consuming process
return -(1-x)^2 - 100 * (y - x^2)^2
end function

# This invokes the maximization routine
matrix theta = {0, 0}                         # initial values for theta
set max_verbose off
M = BFGSmax(&theta, Rosenbrock(theta) )
printf "                      \r"             # destroy the last step message
flush                                         # flush it
printf "\ntheta: %8.4f \n", theta

Now run the script (push the gears button or Ctrl+R). The successive estimates of x and y will be monitored. Other information can easily be monitored as well, the value of the criterion -(1-x)^2 - 100 * (y - x^2)^2 for instance, by simply including it in the printf command in the Rosenbrook function.

"=" trick for eval

Sometimes you simply need to check the result of an expression in the Gretl console, such as 2+2. To do this you should use the eval command like this:

? eval 2+2
4

Since without the command, gretl raises an error:

? 2+2
Parse error at unexpected token '2'

But eval is too long to type. You can use an = before the expression (as in a spreasheet) to get the same result as eval:

? =2+2
4

Backslash to split lines

In some cases a line of code could be very long. Take for example the declaration of a matrix:

matrix M = {1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9;10;11;12;13,14,15;16,17,18}

It is difficult to read rows and columns. You can use the symbol \ to split the line and improve readability.

matrix M = { \
  1,2,3; \
  4,5,6; \
  7,8,9; \
  10,11,12; \
  13,14,15; \
  16,17,18}

Execute portions of code

You can execute only a portion of code by highlighting it in the script editor window and running it with ctlr+r or the run button.